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Bureaucratic collectivism
Bureaucratic collectivism is a theory of class society. It is used by some Trotskyists to describe the nature of the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, and other similar states in Central and Eastern Europe and elsewhere (such as North Korea).
== Theory ==
A bureaucratic collectivist state owns the means of production, while the surplus ("profit") is distributed among an elite party bureaucracy ("nomenklatura"), rather than among the working class. Also, most importantly, it is the bureaucracy—not the workers or the people in general—who controls the economy and the state. Thus, the system is not truly capitalist, but it is not socialist either.〔Ernest E. Haberkern and Arthur Lipow, editors, ''Neither Capitalism nor Socialism'', Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, 1996.〕 In Trotskyist theory, it is a new form of class society which exploits workers through new mechanisms. Theorists, such as Yvan Craipeau, who hold this view believe that bureaucratic collectivism does not represent progress beyond capitalism—that is, that it is no closer to being a workers' state than a capitalist state would be, and is considerably less efficient. Some even believe that certain kinds of capitalism, such as social democratic capitalism, are more progressive than a bureaucratic collectivist society.
George Orwell's famous novel ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' describes a fictional society of "Oligarchical Collectivism". Orwell was familiar with the works of James Burnham, having reviewed Burnham's ''The Managerial Revolution'' prior to writing ''Nineteen Eighty-Four''. "Oligarchical Collectivism" was a fictionalized conceptualization of bureaucratic collectivism, where Big Brother and the Inner Party form the nucleus of a hierarchical organization of society professing itself as "English socialism" because of its revolutionary origins but afterwards only concerned with total domination by the Party.
The idea has also been applied to Western countries outside the Eastern Bloc, as a regime necessary to institute in order to maintain capitalism and keep it from disintegrating in the post-war era. This different form of bureaucratic collectivism is supposed to integrate various sectors of society, such as labor unions, corporations, and government organizations, in order to keep contradictions in the economy from developing into a general meltdown. This form is supposedly embodied in the welfare state, which organizes workers into a government network subsumed under capitalist relations.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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